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- <text id=93CT1611>
- <title>
- Bermuda--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- North America
- Bermuda
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Bermuda was discovered in 1503 by a Spanish explorer. Juan
- de Bermudez, who made no attempt to land because of the
- treacherous reef surrounding the uninhabited islands. In 1609,
- a group of British colonists led by Sir George Somers was
- shipwrecked and stranded on the islands for 10 months. Their
- reports aroused great interest about the islands in England, and
- in 1612 King James extended the Charter of the Virginia Company
- to include them. Later that year, about 60 British colonists
- arrived and founded the town of St. George, the oldest,
- continuously inhabited English-speaking settlement in the
- Western Hemisphere. Slaves from Africa were brought to Bermuda
- soon after the colony began. The slave trade was outlawed in
- Bermuda in 1807, and all slaves were freed in 1834. Hamilton,
- a centrally located port founded in 1790, became the seat of
- government in 1815.
- </p>
- <p> Due to the islands' isolation, for many years the colony
- remained an outpost of 17th century British civilization, with
- an economy based on the use of the islands' cedar trees for
- shipbuilding and the salt trade. In the early 20th century, as
- transportation and communication improved, it became a popular
- attraction for wealthy U.S., British, and Canadian tourists. The
- protective tariff enacted by the United States in 1930 cut off
- Bermuda's once-thriving agricultural export trade (primarily
- fresh vegetables to the United States) and spurred the colony
- to develop its tourist industry, which has grown to become its
- principal economic asset.
- </p>
- <p> During World War II, Bermuda became important as a military
- base because of its location in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1941, the
- United States signed a lend-lease agreement with the United
- Kingdom giving the British surplus U.S. Navy destroyers in
- exchange for 99-year lease rights to establish naval and air
- bases in Bermuda. Since the war, Bermuda has continued to move
- toward greater prosperity, racial equality, recognition of labor
- unions, and a government system based on party politics.
- </p>
- <p> Even though Bermuda is the oldest self-governing colony in
- the Commonwealth (representative government was introduced in
- 1620), it did not have a formal constitution until 1968. The
- constitution provided the island with formal responsibility for
- its own internal self-government, while the British Government
- retained responsibility for external affairs, defense, and
- security. However unsatisfied aspirations, particularly among
- young blacks, led to a brief civil disturbance in December 1977,
- following the execution of two men found guilty of the
- assassination of Governor Sir Richard Sharples and four others
- in 1972-73.
- </p>
- <p> In the 1980s, the increasing prosperity of Bermudians,
- combined with limited land area, caused severe pressure in
- housing. Despite a general strike in 1981 and poor economic
- conditions worldwide during the 1981-83 period, Bermuda's
- social, political, and economic institutions showed resilience
- and stability. Bermuda's positive experience with internal
- self-government has led to discussions of possible complete
- independence or a more flexible type of association.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Bermuda's first political party, the Progressive Labor Party
- (PLP), was formed in May 1963 with predominantly black
- adherents. In 1965, the two-party system was launched with the
- formation of the United Bermuda Party (UBP), which had the
- support of the majority of white voters and of some blacks. A
- third party, the Bermuda Democratic Party (BDP), was formed in
- the summer of 1967 with a splinter group from the PLP as a
- nucleus; it disbanded in 1970.
- </p>
- <p> Bermuda's first election on the basis of universal adult
- suffrage and equal voting was held on May 22, 1968 (previously,
- the franchise had been limited to property owners). In the 1968
- election, the UBP won 30 House of Assembly seats, the PLP won
- 10, while the BDP lost the 3 seats it had previously held. In
- the elections of 1972, 1976, and 1980, the UBP continued to
- maintain control of the government by decreasing margins in the
- Assembly (four seats in 1980).
- </p>
- <p> John W. D. Swan replaced J. David Gibbons as premier in
- January 1982. The 1983 election issues centered on housing and
- social problems and Swan's leadership. The UBP reversed the
- trend of the prior elections, increasing its majority in the
- House to 12 seats and in the October 1985 election, the UBP won
- 31 to 7 for the PLP and 2 for the NLP, a splinter group from the
- PLP. The current government can be characterized as politically
- moderate and fiscally conservative.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- April 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-